THE ANALYSIS OF JOKO WIDODO, PRABOWO SUBIANTO, AND NADIEM MAKARIM SPEECH’S IN SPEECH ACT AND THE FUNCTION OF THE EXPRESSION OF THE CORONA VIRUS

This aimed to describe the use of speech acts in the form of locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, perlocutionary acts, and expressive speech acts used by coronavirus topics as the hot news. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The subject of this research are Ir. H. Joko Widodo, Nadiem Anwar Makarim, B.A., M.B.A. who had been joining KompasTV Program at Channel Youtube and H. Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo who had been joining Garuda Siaga RI Facebook Page channel. The technique of collecting data was by using free listening comprehension, video, and writing. The researcher took three of them as the subject. There are two kinds of instruments used in this research are observation and recorded. Observation with the passive observer where the writer used video recorder to record the speech and also transcribing. The instrument was an indirect observation. The results showed that there were types of locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, perlocutionary acts, and functions of expressive speech acts consisting of expressing thanksgiving, complaining, praising, apologized, and motivate.


Introduction
states that one of the particularities of any language of law consists in the fact that the validity in the sense of the correctness of its sentences depends not only upon syntactical and semantical but also upon pragmatical conditions. Courtroom discourse of 17th century England is shown to be amenable to an analysis in terms of Speech Act Theory as conceived for Modern English usage. Court trial records are shown to be particularly suitable for such analysis due to their linguistic characteristics (an abundance of illocutions and perlocutions as well as a question and answer exchanges, interpretable as indirect speech acts). The notion of speech act network is developed, which is shown to be particularly suitable for the analysis of complex courtroom discourse consisting of interrelated illocutions and their corresponding perlocutions. The study demonstrates that the diachronic speech act theory is a useful framework for pragmatics and that it can reveal the interdependence between the identifiability of speech acts and the socio-historical conditions of the times when the speech acts were used. Searle (1969:23) argue that speech act is the part of the language that explains how language is used to express an action or action in the practice of using language in society there are three kinds of speech acts that must be understood together. The three kinds of speech acts in the actual use of language in the community are elocutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts.
This study examines the types of speech acts and expressive speech functions in speeches delivered by Ir  Subianto Djojohadikusumo so that it is interesting to study. Haerunnisa (2017) believes that research related to speech acts in Indonesian is quite a lot done, for example, speech acts of acceptance, speech acts of acceptance and rejection (Hermaji, 2013), expressive speech acts in the film Intouchables (Rochmah, 2016), and Mario Teguh's expressive speech acts (Wulandari, et al 2015). The relevant research above only focused on the results of the speech conducted by native Indonesian speakers with different study focuses. Therefore, researchers are interested in researching speech acts and expressive speech functions of the speech of Ir. H. Joko Widodo, Nadiem Anwar Makarim, B.A., M.B.A, and H. Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo by the coronavirus topic. This research problem examines the forms of expressive speech acts and speech that occur during the speech process. The purpose of this study is to describe the use of speech acts in the form of speech acts of locution, illocution, perlocution, and expressive speech resulting from the speech. The expected benefit in this research is to be able to develop pragmatics and contribute to the understanding of speech acts and expressive forms especially in understanding speeches through media broadcasts.

Methode of Research
In this research, the researcher uses the descriptive qualitative method. The researcher applied the observation method with a passive observer. It aimed to gain the data that were observed during the conversation. The goal of the research is to the analysis of speech Joko Widodo, Prabowo Subianto, and Nadiem Makarim in speech act and the function of the expression of the coronavirus. The researcher took three of them as the subject. There are two kinds of instruments used in this research are observation and recorded. Observation with the passive observer where the writer used video recorder to record the speech and also transcribing. This research instrument was applied to acquire the data about the process of the speech in the coronavirus conversation as the hot news, especially the speech act of the participant Republic Indonesia. The instrument which was observed and recorded in the recorder during conversation included some categories or types of speech act. The procedures for collecting data in this research were as follows : 1. Researchers must prepare wifi and download video KompasTV channel youtube and Facebook page channel to the speech by Joko Widodo, Nadiem Makarim and Prabowo Subianto, 2. Then, the researcher prepares the handphone to record the three subjects, 3. After that, record videos of Joko Widodo and Nadiem on KompasTV Channel Youtube, also download Prabowo videos on Garuda RI Facebook page, 4. Then make a transcribes of the words spoken and translate Indonesia-English language in the video of their speech. It took about 45 minutes. 5. Finally, the researcher transcribes the speech subjects into 15 extracts.
In analyzing the data collected through observation by using a video recorder, firstly the writer transcribes the spoken discourse by President, Minister of Defense, and Minister of Education, and then after transcribing, the writer analyze the use speech act by the subjects based on the theory of Austin and Searle.

Result and Discussion
By the research question, this section presents research related to speech acts and greeting speeches with speeches from Joko Widodo, Nadiem Makarim, and Prabowo Subianto regarding Corona Virus. Researchers use the initials of the speech that were carried out in KompasTv broadcasts on Youtube and Garuda RI Channels on Facebook Page. H (Host KompasTv), JW (President is Joko Widodo), NM (Minister of Education is Nadiem Makarim), and PS (Minister of Defense is Prabowo Subianto).

1) The Results of the Research Types of Speech Act
A speech act is an individual symptom, psychological and continuity is determined by the language ability of the speaker in dealing with certain situations. In speech acts, it is more seen in the _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Analysis of Joko Widodo, Prabowo Subianto, and Nadiem Makarim Speech's in Speech Act and the Function of the Expression of the Corona Virus meaning or meaning of the actions in the speech. According to Chaer (2010: 50) is an action in speech will be seen from the meaning of speech. Furthermore, Yule (2014: 82) added that the speaker and listener are usually helped by the situation around the speech environment. This kind of situation, including other utterances, are called speech events. It is the nature of the speech event that determines the interpretation of a speech when it presents a specific speech act. Types of speech acts are divided into three types, namely (1) locution, (2) illocution, and (3) perlocution. a. Locutionary Utterance Rustono (1999: 36-37) believed that locution speech acts are speech acts intended to state something. It is a speech act or a speech act, that is the act of saying a word with meaning in the dictionary and the meaning of the sentence according to its syntactic rules. Locution speech acts that merely intend to state something in accordance with the spoken utterance without any other purpose it. The focus of locution is the meaning of the spoken utterance, not the question of the purpose or function of the utterance. According to Austin (1962) state that locution can be said to be the act of saying something. The act of locution is the action that is most easily identified because identification it does not take into account the context of the speech (Rohmadi, 2004: 30).

Extract 1 (Opening Speech by Joko Widodo)
H: Additions from the governor to the pandemic Covid-19, we reported that there were 34 governors with 100 percent, and Cabinet members who were invited also attended 100 percent, so, we ask President gives direction to all of us, time is yours.
In extract 1, there is an opening sentence in the form of locus speech acts from Host (H). He said "We report that there were 34 governors with 100 percent and the cabinet members invited also attended 100 percent" it means the H (Host) provided information about the number of governors as many as 34 who attended 100 percent without anyone absent. It was delivered by H (Host) and only informative without the function to do anything especially to influence the interlocutors.

Extract 2 (Speech by Joko Widodo as the President Republic Indonesia)
JW: This morning, I want to give direction regarding Corona Virus or Covid-19. We know that the reports that I have received from foreign ministers to date covid-19 have spread in 189 countries. 189 countries became the latest 3 countries in the 2 days affected are Surya, Grenasya and Mosampik.
In extract 2, there is a speech sentence in the form of locution speech acts from JW (Joko Widodo). He said " I have received from foreign ministers to date covid-19 have spread in 189 countries. 189 countries became the latest 3 countries in the 2 days affected are Surya, Grenasya and Mosampik." It means JW (Joko Widodo) only gave information related to reports that have been received from foreign ministers about covid-19 which has spread in 189 countries and the 3 most recent countries affected by Corona Virus. JW (Joko Widodo) just intends to state something in accordance with the utterances spoken without any other purpose.

Extract 3 (Speech by Nadiem Makarim as the Minister of Education)
NM: We are going through the Covid-19 crisis, a crisis that takes so many lives, which is an extraordinary challenge for our country and the whole world.
In extract 3, there is a speech of locution speech acts by NM (Nadiem Makarim). He said "a crisis that takes so many lives, which is an extraordinary challenge for our country and the whole world." The meaning of the speech by NM (Nadiem Makarim) is not question the purpose or function of the speech.

Extract 4 (Speech by Prabowo Subianto as the Minister of Defense)
PS: First of all, I apologize profusely, after a few months now I am back in communication with you brothers and sisters to directly. First of all, of course, the dynamics of the development of the political situation a few months ago, so fast that I had to make decisions quickly.
In extract 4, there is a speech of locution speech acts by PS (Prabowo Subianto). He said "first of all, of course, the dynamics of the development of the political situation a few months ago, so fast The Analysis of Joko Widodo, Prabowo Subianto, and Nadiem Makarim Speech's in Speech Act and the Function of the Expression of the Corona Virus that I had to make decisions quickly." It means he only gave information about the dynamics of the development of the political situation that occurred a few months ago and he made quick decisions.

b. Illocutionary Utterance
Illocutionary speech acts are speech acts that contain purpose and function or power statement. According to Searle in Rahardi (2003:72), illocutionary speech acts can be classified in speaking activities into five types speech forms, which has its own communicative function. The five types of speech are assertive, directive, declaration, commissive, and expressive. In extract 5, there is illocution speech acts by JW (Joko Widodo). He said "This morning, I want to give direction regarding Corona Virus or Covid-19" It means the President paid attention to all Indonesia people and gave directions on how to prevent the corona virus.

Extract 6 (Speech by Nadiem Makarim as Minister of Education)
NM: For the first time, teachers do online learning using new tools and realize that learning happens everywhere. Parents for the first time realize how difficult the task of the teacher is how difficult the challenge is to be able to teach children effectively and cause empathy for teachers who might not have been there. Teachers, students and parents also realize that education is not only something that can be done at school, but effective education requires effective collaboration from these three parties and without that collaboration effective education would not be possible.
In extract 6, there is illocution speech acts by NM (Nadiem Makarim). He said "For the first time, teachers do online learning using new tools and realize that learning happens everywhere. Parents for the first time realize how difficult the task of the teacher is how difficult the challenge is to be able to teach children effectively and cause empathy for teachers who might not have been there. Teachers, students and parents also realize that education is not only something that can be done at school, but effective education requires effective collaboration from these three parties and without that collaboration effective education would not be possible." It means NM (Nadiem Makarim) made us realize that we can study anywhere and not necessarily in school and the role of parents, teachers and students is also needed to make online learning effective.

Extract 7 (Speech by Prabowo Subianto as the Minister of Defense)
PS: Every step I always consulted and I ask for suggested from members of the Board of Trustees, especially the figures who actively lead and control the party. Including, all the chairmen of the regional leadership boards of the Gerindra Party.
In extract 7, there is illocution speech acts by PS (Prabowo Subianto). He said "I always consulted and I ask for suggested from members of the board of trustees, especially the figures who actively lead and control the party." It means he does not arbitrarily make decisions and indicates he is a person who is thorough in his work and does not think of himself.

c. Perlocution Utterance
Perlocution speech acts are the utterances or utterances spoken by the speaker which has an effect or influence on the speech partner. Rustono (1999:38) found that speech acts are the instructor is intended to influence this speech partner perlocution acts. The act of perlocution is referred to as "The Act of Affecting Someone ". Speeches were spoken by a speaker often has the effect or power of influence (perlocutionary force) for which listen to it. This effect or influence can occur intentionally or not intentionally by the speakers. Effects produced by spelling that is called perlocution.

Extract 8 (Speech by Joko Widodo as President Republic Indonesia)
JW: So, in our country the most appropriate thing is physical distancing to keep safe distance is the most important if we can do it. I am sure that we will be able to prevent this Covid-19. However it _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Analysis of Joko Widodo, Prabowo Subianto, and Nadiem Makarim Speech's in Speech Act and the Function of the Expression of the Corona Virus requires strong discipline, requires strong decisiveness, do not let those who have been isolated I read a news that has been isolated still help neighbors who want to celebrate, there are already isolated still buy mobile phones and shopping in the market I think discipline to isolate a RW, isolating an important dozens but really with a strong discipline if this we can do and I believe that what scenario we send will give good results. And I also want to announce immigration from the economic impact on society.
In extract 8, there is perlocution speech acts by JW (Joko Widodo). He said " I am sure that we will be able to prevent this Covid-19. However, it requires strong discipline, requires strong decisiveness." It means President has hopes that the Indonesian people can prevent Covid-19, the President also hopes that the Indonesian people apply a disciplined attitude in maintaining health, and the President also hopes that the government has a firm attitude to supervise the public if there are violations of regulations not to use masks and so on .

Extract 9 (Speech by Prabowo Subianto as the Minister of Defense)
PS: I always say that our political opponents are not enemies, our political opponents are still our brothers and sisters, whatever happens there cannot be divisions between the Indonesian people. I do not want to be part of the division, no matter what costs we have to pay, no matter how sad we feel we must set aside in the interest of the greater.
In extract 9, there is perlocution speech acts by PS (Prabowo Subianto). He said "that our political opponents are not enemies, our political opponents are still our brothers and sisters." It means he gives us advice that winning or losing is not a reason to be hostile to others, do not be hostile if we lose to someone.

2) The Results of the Research on the Expressive Speech Functions
Expressive speech acts is the speech acts intended by the speaker so that the speech can be interpreted as an evaluation of the things mentioned in the speech. This form of speech has a function to express or express the speaker's psychological attitude towards the interlocutor. As for some expressive speech functions contained in the speech process delivered by the speaker of the subject to the interlocutor, which can serve to thanks, complain, praise, apologize, and motivate.

a. Expressive Thanksgiving Utterance
The following is one example of expressive greeting greetings made by PS (Prabowo Subianto), namely: Extract 10 (Speech by Prabowo Subianto as the Minister of Defense) PS: For this reason, I say here that I as the supreme leader of the Gerindra Party. I am grateful to all cadres who have given me confidence, who have supported me when I had to make big and heavy decisions, and I am now still asking for support brother, believe in your leader.
In extract 10, there was a speech that contained a thank you delivered by the speech of PS (Prabowo Subianto) with Gerindra members. The speech "I am grateful to all cadres who have given me confidence." to receive a thank you in support of Gerindra members who chose him as the highest leader in Gerindra because at that time PS (Prabowo Subianto) was providing assistance through the Garuda RI facebook broadcast page. This has been watched by several hundred views and received several positive comments for its visitors.

Extract 11 (Speech by Nadiem Makarim as the Minister of Education)
NM: Learning is not always easy, but now is the time for us to innovate, this is the time for us to innovate, this is the time for us to experiment, this is the time for us to listen to our conscience and learn from Covid-19 so that we become a better society and nation in the future. Thank you, Wassalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
In extract 11, there is expressive speech thank you by NM (Nadiem Makarim). He said "Thank you," in the closing his speech. It means he gave his thanks for watching his speech on the KompasTV broadcast.

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The Analysis of Joko Widodo, Prabowo Subianto, and Nadiem Makarim Speech's in Speech Act and the Function of the Expression of the Corona Virus b. Expressive Complaining Utterance Extract 12 (Speech by Nadiem Makarim as the Minister of Education) NM: We are going through the Covid-19 crisis, a crisis that takes so many lives, which is an extraordinary challenge for our country and the whole world. But from this crisis, we can learn a lot of lessons and lessons that we can apply during crisis conditions and afterwards.
In extract 12, there is expressive speech complain by NM (Nadiem Makarim). He said "We are going through the Covid-19 crisis, a crisis that takes so many lives, which is an extraordinary challenge for our country and the whole world." in the opening his speech. It means he was complaining about a very dangerous disease outbreak that occurred in Indonesia. He was very sad expression.
c. Expressive Utterance Praising Extract 13 (Speech by Prabowo Subianto as the Minister of Defense) PS: For this reason, we are now collaborating with President Republic of Indonesia, Mr. Joko Widodo. While I was a member of his cabinet, I testified that he continued to fight for the interests of the nation, state and people of Indonesia. I look closely, his making decision methods and always the basis of his thinking is the safety of the poorest people and the weakest people.
In extract 13, there is expressive speech complain by PS (Prabowo Subianto). He said "I testified that he continued to fight for the interests of the nation, state and people of Indonesia" in the opening his speech. It means he praised the president to action in the interests of the Indonesian people by using expressions that were so proud of every decision the president had taken.

d. Expressive Speech Apologized Extract 14 (Speech by Prabowo Subianto as the Minister of Defense)
PS: First of all, I apologize profusely, after a few months now I am back directly in communication with you brothers and sisters. First of all, of course, the dynamics of the development of the political situation a few months ago were so fast that I had to make decisions quickly.
In extract 14, there is expressive speech complain by PS (Prabowo Subianto). He said "I apologize profusely, after a few months now I am back directly in communication with you brothers and sisters." It means in a low voice, he apologized for not showing up in the news for so long . e. Expressive Speech Motivation Extract 15 (Speech by Nadiem Makarim as the Minister of Education) NM: Learning is not always easy, but now is the time for us to innovate, this is the time For us to innovate, this is the time for us to experiment, this is the time for us to listen to our conscience and learn from Covid-19 so that we become a better society and nation in the future.
In extract 15, there is expressive speech act to motivate by NM (Nadiem Makarim). He said "Learning is not always easy, but now is the time for us to innovate," and say that, "so that we become a better society and nation in the future." With a rather loud voice and full of enthusiasm, it means he made us aware that learning does not have to be in school but we can learn in various places, from the calamity of the 19th plague we are invited to innovate in teaching and learning for future generations of the nation.

3) Speech Acts and Expressive Speech Functions
Speech act is an act to say and say something. Speech act is a linguistic communication unit that is central in pragmatics. This means that the main subject of study in pragmatics is speech act, not sentence as a unit in grammar. Austin (1962: 54) found that distinguish speech acts on three types of actions, namely: a. Locus acts (locutionary acts), b. Illocutionary acts (illocutionary acts), c. Perlocution acts (Perlocution acts). Locutionary act or locutionary act is an act to express something. Wijana (1996: 17) is the speech act can be said as "the act of saying something". Parera (2004: 151) found that locational acts are speech acts that contain referential and cognitive meanings. Illusionary action is an action to do something "The act of doing something". Illocutionary action is speech act which is seen from the point of view of fulfilling the system of interaction of the language community. Perlocutionary acts are actions that have an effect or influence on the interlocutor (speech partner). Expressive speech is part of illocutionary speech acts. Rustono (2000: 82), expressive speech is a speech act intended by the speaker so that his speech is interpreted as an evaluation of the things mentioned in his speech. Meanwhile, according to Syamsyudin, et al (1998: 97), expressive speech is speech that concerns feelings and attitudes such as actions to apologize, thank, complain, express thanks, criticize, give appreciation, praise and others. Expressive is one of the basic speech acts proposed in the speech classification of Searle (1969: 25), together with representatives, instructions, commissive and declaratives. Searle explained that giving forgiveness, congratulations and thanks are examples of expressiveness. A preliminary study of the data reveals the need for expressive scope to be enlarged, because many speech acts are considered intuitively expressive but do not match the Searle type. Fraser (in Rustono 1999, p. 39) mentions expressive speech acts in evaluative terms. Speech praises, thanks, criticizes, complains, blames, congratulates and flatter included in the expressive type of speech.
As the language function conveyed by Yakobson in Sudaryanto (1990: 12) expressive speech is included in the emotive function, which is the function of language as an expression of the speaker's emotional state. This situation can be in the form of fun, excitement, sadness, and so on. So expressive speech is a speech act that is intended so that the speech is interpreted as an evaluation of the things mentioned in the speech. Luckiyanti, et al (2017), "Illocutionary Speech Acts on the Staging of Ludruk Joko Sambang Pendekar Gunung Gangsir" in his research found four speech categories namely assertive category with complaining mode, proposing criticizing, stating, revealing; expressive categories with the mode of advising, and commanding; commissive categories of modes that appear offering, promising; expressive category mode that appears thanks and blasted. Her research entitled The Analysis of the Speech Joko Widodo, Prabowo Subianto, and Nadiem Makarim in Speech Act and the Function of the Expression about Corona Virus as the Hot News found that 9 speech acts and 5 expressive speech acts were found. The speech consists of 4 locutionary utterances, 3 illocutionary utterances, 2 perlocution utterances, 2 expressive thanksgiving utterances, 1 expressive complaining utterance, 1 expressive utterance praising, 1 expressive speech apologized and 1 expressive speech motivate. Although both of them research about speech acts and expressive speech functions, the research subjects are different, in this study foreign students as the subject. The cause of the deviation in the standard Indonesian language by Joko Widodo, Nadiem Makarim and Prabowo Subianto occurred because of linguistic and nonlinguistic factors.
The linguistic cause found is the influence of pragmatic knowledge transfer and imperfections in grammatical abilities while the nonlinguistic causes include cultural differences, the Indonesian language learning environment, and the habit of using informal forms in conversation. Imperfections of grammatical ability and negative transfer are the main causes of the occurrence of irregularities in the production in the speech. Although this study targeted foreign students as the object of the study, this study only focused on the results of speech acts asking for speech subjects from Joko Widodo, Nadiem Makarim and Prabowo Subianto, while in this study had varied speech with the subject of the speech.

Conclusion
Based on the findings and discussion at the previous chapter, the researcher found that in the speech Joko Widodo, Nadiem Makarim and Praabowo Subianto at KompasTV Program by Channel Youtube and Garuda Siaga RI Channel Facebook Page often applies 9 speech acts and 5 expressive speech acts, namely: 4 locutionary utterances, 3 illocutionary utterances, 2 perlocution utterances, 2 expressive thanksgiving utterances, 1 expressive complaining utterance, 1 expressive utterance praising, 1 expressive speech apologized and 1 expressive speech motivate.