Pengaruh Religiusitas Terhadap Penggunaan Gawai yang Bermasalah: Peran Kontrol Diri dan Stres Pada Mahasiswa
Abstract
Smartphone use is increasing worldwide. Despite the benefit of using a smartphone, a growing body of research has reported smartphone use's negative effect. Lack of self-control has been associated with problematic use of smartphones as well as stress. However, there is still little evidence of how religiosity could have an impact on problematic smartphone use. This study aimed to examine the indirect effect of religiosity on problematic smartphone use via self-control and stress. A few 146 undergraduate students enrolled in this study. They completed an online survey comprising problematic smartphone use, religiosity, self-control, and stress. Our findings showed a negative association between religiosity or self-control with problematic smartphone use. Stress also correlated positively with problematic smartphone use. Path analysis demonstrated the mediation effect of self-control on religiosity and problematic smartphone use, but not the stress. These results underlined the psychological mechanism underlying smartphone use of students. Moreover, religiosity could be considered to prevent the detrimental effect of problematic smartphone use.
Downloads
References
• Achour, M., Bensaid, B., & Nor, M. R. B. M. (2016). An Islamic Perspective on Coping with Life Stressors. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(3), 663–685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-015-9389-8
• Aftab, M., Naqvi, A., Al-karasneh, A., & Ghori, S. (2018). Impact of religiosity on subjective life satisfaction and perceived academic stress in undergraduate pharmacy students. Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences, 10(4), 192. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_65_18
• Agbaria, Q., & Bdier, D. (2019). The association of Big Five personality traits and religiosity on Internet addiction among Israeli-Palestinian Muslim college students in Israel. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 22(9), 956–971. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1699041
• Agler, R., & De Boeck, P. (2017). On the Interpretation and Use of Mediation: Multiple Perspectives on Mediation Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01984
• Aminuddin, H. B., Jiao, N., Jiang, Y., Hong, J., & Wang, W. (2019, February 8). Effectiveness of smartphone-based self-management interventions on self-efficacy, self-care activities, health-related quality of life and clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.02.003
• Arrivillaga, C., Rey, L., & Extremera, N. (2020). Adolescents’ problematic internet and smartphone use is related to suicide ideation: Does emotional intelligence make a difference? Computers in Human Behavior, 110, 106375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106375
• Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The Strength Model of Self-Control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 351–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
• Briki, W., Aloui, A., Bragazzi, N. L., Chaouachi, A., Patrick, T., & Chamari, K. (2015). Trait self-control, identified-introjected religiosity and health-related-feelings in healthy Muslims: A structural equation model analysis. PLoS ONE, 10(5), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126193
• Busch, P. A., & McCarthy, S. (2020). Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area. Computers in Human Behavior, 106414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414
• Carter, E. C., McCullough, M. E., & Carver, C. S. (2012). The mediating role of monitoring in the association of religion with self-control. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(6), 691–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612438925
• Desmond, S. A., Ulmer, J. T., & Bader, C. D. (2013). Religion, Self Control, and Substance Use. Deviant Behavior, 34(5), 384–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2012.726170
• Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2019). Problematic smartphone use and mental health problems: Current state of research and future directions. Dusunen Adam. Yerkure Tanitim ve Yayincilik Hizmetleri A.S. https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2019.00001
• Firth, J., Torous, J., Nicholas, J., Carney, R., Rosenbaum, S., & Sarris, J. (2017, August 15). Can smartphone mental health interventions reduce symptoms of anxiety? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Affective Disorders. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.046
• Fu, S., Chen, X., & Zheng, H. (2020). Exploring an adverse impact of smartphone overuse on academic performance via health issues: a stimulus-organism-response perspective. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2020.1716848
• Gardner, T. M., Krägeloh, C. U., & Henning, M. A. (2014). Religious coping, stress, and quality of life of Muslim university students in New Zealand. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 17(4), 327–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2013.804044
• Geyer, A. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (2005). Religion, morality, and self-control: values, virtues, and vices. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 412–432). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
• Gökçearslan, Ş., Mumcu, F. K., Haşlaman, T., & Çevik, Y. D. (2016). Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 639–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.091
• Gökçearslan, Ş., Uluyol, Ç., & Şahin, S. (2018). Smartphone addiction, cyberloafing, stress and social support among university students: A path analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 91, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.05.036
• Hardy, S. A., Steelman, M. A., Coyne, S. M., & Ridge, R. D. (2013). Adolescent religiousness as a protective factor against pornography use. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPDEV.2012.12.002
• Haryanto, A. T. (2020). APJII Sebut Jumlah Pengguna Internet di Indonesia Naik Saat Pandemi. Retrieved August 30, 2021, from https://inet.detik.com/telecommunication/d-5194182/apjii-sebut-jumlah-pengguna-internet-di-indonesia-naik-saat-pandemi
• Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2017). Relationships among smartphone addiction, anxiety, and family relations. Behaviour & Information Technology, 36(10), 1046–1052. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2017.1336254
• Husain, S. A. (1998). Religion and mental health from the muslim perspective. In H. G. Koenig (Ed.), Handbook of religion and mental health (pp. 279–290). California: Academic Press.
• Jiang, Z., & Zhao, X. (2016). Self-control and problematic mobile phone use in Chinese college students: The mediating role of mobile phone use patterns. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 416. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1131-z
• Koenig, H. G. (2009). Research on Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health: A Review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 283–291.
• Kuss, D. J., Harkin, L., Kanjo, E., & Billieux, J. (2018). Problematic smartphone use: Investigating contemporary experiences using a convergent design. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010142
• Laird, R. D., Marks, L. D., & Marrero, M. D. (2011). Religiosity, self-control, and antisocial behavior: Religiosity as a promotive and protective factor. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32(2), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APPDEV.2010.12.003
• Li, L., Gao, H., & Xu, Y. (2020). The Mediating and Buffering Effect of Academic Self-Efficacy on the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Academic Procrastination. Computers & Education, 104001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104001
• Liebherr, M., Schubert, P., Antons, S., Montag, C., & Brand, M. (2020). Smartphones and attention, curse or blessing? - A review on the effects of smartphone usage on attention, inhibition, and working memory. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 1, 100005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100005
• Linardon, J. (2020, November 26). Can Acceptance, Mindfulness, and Self-Compassion Be Learned by Smartphone Apps? A Systematic and Meta-Analytic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Behavior Therapy. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.10.002
• Mahapatra, S. (2019). Smartphone addiction and associated consequences: role of loneliness and self-regulation. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(8), 833–844. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1560499
• McCullough, M. E., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2009). Religion, Self-Regulation, and Self-Control: Associations, Explanations, and Implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 69–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014213
• Merrill, R., Read, C., & LeCheminant, A. (2009). The influence of religiosity on positive and negative outcomes associated with stress among college students. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 12(5), 501–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670902774106
• Olufadi, Y. (2016). Muslim Daily Religiosity Assessment Scale (MUDRAS): A new instrument for Muslim religiosity research and practice. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(2), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000074
• Panova, T., Carbonell, X., Chamarro, A., & Puerta-Cortés, D. X. (2019). Specific smartphone uses and how they relate to anxiety and depression in university students: a cross-cultural perspective. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1633405
• Pew Research Center. (2021). Mobile Fact Sheet. Retrieved August 30, 2021, from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/
• Reutter, K. K., & Bigatti, S. M. (2014). Religiosity and spirituality as resiliency resources: Moderation, mediation, or moderated mediation? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53(1), 56–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12081
• Rozgonjuk, D., Kattago, M., & Täht, K. (2018). Social media use in lectures mediates the relationship between procrastination and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.003
• Statista. (2021). Number of smartphone users from 2016 to 2021. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/
• Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
• Troll, E. S., Friese, M., & Loschelder, D. D. (2020). How students’ self-control and smartphone-use explain their academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 106624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106624
• Wang, J. L., Wang, H. Z., Gaskin, J., & Wang, L. H. (2015). The role of stress and motivation in problematic smartphone use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.005
• Watterson, K., & Giesler, R. B. (2012). Religiosity and self-control: When the going gets tough, the religious get self-regulating. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(3), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027644
• Wijaya, H. E., & Tori, A. R. (2018). Exploring the role of self -control control on student procrastination. International Journal of Research in Counseling and Education, 01(02), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.24036/003za0002
• Winkler, A., Jeromin, F., Doering, B. K., & Barke, A. (2020). Problematic smartphone use has detrimental effects on mental health and somatic symptoms in a heterogeneous sample of German adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106500
• Xiang, M.-Q., Lin, L., Wang, Z.-R., Li, J., Xu, Z., & Hu, M. (2020). Sedentary Behavior and Problematic Smartphone Use in Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Self-Control. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 3032. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03032
• Xu, T. T., Wang, H. Z., Fonseca, W., Zimmerman, M. A., Rost, D. H., Gaskin, J., & Wang, J. L. (2018). The relationship between academic stress and adolescents’ problematic smartphone usage. Addiction Research and Theory, 27(2), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2018.1488967
• Yim, S. J., Lui, L. M. W., Lee, Y., Rosenblat, J. D., Ragguett, R. M., Park, C., … McIntyre, R. S. (2020, September 1). The utility of smartphone-based, ecological momentary assessment for depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.116
• Yonker, J. E., Schnabelrauch, C. A., & DeHaan, L. G. (2012). The relationship between spirituality and religiosity on psychological outcomes in adolescents and emerging adults: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2011.08.010
Copyright Notice
The Psychosophia: Journal of Psychology, Religion, and Humanity is under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) License, according to which:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY 4.0) that allows the sharing of articles published with the acknowledgment of authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
2) The authors are authorized to make additional contracts separately for distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (for example, publication in an institutional repository or as a chapter of the book), as long as there is recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are authorized and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (for example, in institutional repositories or on their personal pages) at any time before or during the editorial process, as it increases the impact and reference of the published work.